Sandorinagem
Итак, решение купить щенка принято, осталось только определить, как именно это лучше воплотить в реальности. Сповсобов существует не так много: можно купить собачку на рынке, в питомнике или клубе или с рук, по частному объявлению, например (найти доску объявений по посковой фразе
Купить щенка. Первый Метод является самым рисковым — новый хозяин не имеет никаких гарантий того, что собака окажется здоровой или породистой (НО ЕСТЬ НО, иногда люди имеют все ветсправки и положенные прививки и доказательства породности). С другой стороны, цены на собак на рынках являются достаточно низкими, по сравнению с клубными.
Покупать собачку на рынке стоит только в том случае, если будущий хозяин может грамотно оценить щеночка, соответствие его внешности заявленной породе и возрасту, состояние его здоровья. Для этого, кстати, можно привлечь знакомого опытного собаковода. Стоит учитывать, что на рынках обычно продаются щеночки от внеплановых вязок. Иными словами, такие щенки могут иметь хороших родителей, но родословных и иных документов у них не будет.
Покупка щенка с рук — это практически такая же лотерея, как и приобретение щенка на рынке. Однако, выбирая щеночка по частным объявлениям, покупатель имеет больше шансов приобрести породистого и здорового пса. Не исключено, что такой щенок будет иметь родословную и хороший экстерьер, а цена на него будет достаточно скромной.
Покупка собаки в клубе — самый надежный вариант. Щенки из питомников всегда имеют полный комплект документов, являются привитыми, здоровыми, их соответствие стандартам породы гарантированно репутацией клуба, питомника или заводчика. Стоит отметить, что стоимость щенков в питомниках является достаточно высокой. При этом после продажи заводчик не «бросает» щенка — он помогает новым хозяевам консультациями, может приглашать собаку на выставки, организовывать курсы дрессировки, следить за тем, чтобы щенок своевременно прививался и т.д.
Ну подведем итог и рекомендуем Вам очень тчательно выбирать себе любимого питомца, ведь он будет сопровождать Вас всю жизнь. В свою очередь рекомендуем
Купить щенка - ведь домашние питомцы, большое счастье как для взрослых, так и для детей)
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Важно также помнить о L-карнитине:
Восстанавливает pH крови особенно при нарушении щелочного обмена .
Ацетил L-Карнитин - высоко-биодоступная форма L-карнитина, который помогает увеличивать энергию и клеточный метаболизм, а также поддерживает фу.
Повышает эффективность холинацетилазы.
Карнитин - важное вещество для всех живых существ.
Способствует уменьшению содержания жиров в поперечно-полосатой мышечной ткани.
Восстанавливает pH крови особенно при нарушении щелочного обмена .
Нормализуется холестерин в крови.
Способствует ли прием Л-карнитина похудению.
Восстанавливает щелочной резерв крови.
Нормализует обмен эндорфинов и регулирует их уровень.
Нормализует обмен белков.
Нормализуется холестерин в крови.
Оказывает слабое анаболическое воздействие.
Повышает чувствительности к инсулину, что дает возможность устранить резистентность к этому гормону, представляющую собой одну из основных причин набора лишнего веса, особенно в абдоминальной области.
Повышается выносливость к любым физическим и умственным нагрузкам.
Нормализуется холестерин в крови.
Тэги:
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A boiler is a closed vessel in which drinking water or other liquid is heated. The fluid will not boil. (In THE UNITED STATES, the word "furnace" is normally used if the purpose is never to boil the fluid.) The warmed or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating system applications,[1][2] including drinking water heating, central heating, boiler-based power era, cooking, and sanitation.
Materials
The pressure vessel of the boiler is usually manufactured from steel (or alloy steel), or of wrought iron historically. Stainless steel, especially of the austenitic types, is not used in wetted elements of boilers due to corrosion and stress corrosion breaking.[3] However, ferritic stainless is often used in superheater sections that will not be exposed to boiling drinking water, and electrically heated stainless steel shell boilers are allowed under the Western "Pressure Equipment Directive" for production of steam for sterilizers and disinfectors.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler
In live steam models, copper or brass is often used because it is more fabricated in smaller size boilers easily. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes (particularly for steam locomotives), due to its better formability and higher thermal conductivity; however, in more recent times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice and cheaper substitutes (such as metal) are used instead.
For much of the Victorian "age group of steam", the only materials used for boilermaking was the highest quality of wrought iron, with set up by rivetting. This iron was often from specialist ironworks, such as at Cleator Moor (UK), noted for the high quality of their rolled plate and its suitability for high-reliability use in critical applications, such as high-pressure boilers. In the 20th century, design practice transferred towards the use of steel instead, which is more powerful and cheaper, with welded construction, which is quicker and requires less labour. It ought to be observed, however, that wrought iron boilers corrode significantly slower than their modern-day metal counterparts, and are less susceptible to localized pitting and stress-corrosion. This makes the durability of older wrought-iron boilers significantly more advanced than those of welded metal boilers.
Cast iron might be utilized for the heating vessel of home water heaters. Although such heaters are usually termed "boilers" in some countries, their purpose is to create warm water usually, not steam, and they also run at low pressure and try to avoid boiling. The brittleness of cast iron helps it be impractical for high-pressure steam boilers.
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Energy
The foundation of heating for a boiler is combustion of some of several fuels, such as wood, coal, oil, or gas. Electric vapor boilers use resistance- or immersion-type heating system elements. Nuclear fission is also used as a heat source for generating steam, either straight (BWR) or, in most cases, in specialised heat exchangers called "steam generators" (PWR). Warmth recovery steam generators (HRSGs) use the heat rejected from other procedures such as gas turbine.
Boiler efficiency
there are two solutions to measure the boiler efficiency 1) direct method 2) indirect method
Immediate method -immediate approach to boiler efficiency test is more functional or even more common
boiler efficiency =Q*((Hg-Hf)/q)*(GCV *100 ) Q =Total steam movement Hg= Enthalpy of saturated steam in k cal/kg Hf =Enthalpy of feed drinking water in kcal/kg q= quantity of gasoline use in kg/hr GCV =gross calorific value in kcal/kg like pet coke (8200 kcal/KG)
indirect method -to gauge the boiler efficiency in indirect method, we need a following parameter like
Ultimate analysis of gas (H2,S2,S,C moisture constraint, ash constraint)
percentage of O2 or CO2 at flue gas
flue gas temperature at outlet
ambient temperature in deg c and humidity of air in kg/kg
GCV of gas in kcal/kg
ash percentage in combustible fuel
GCV of ash in kcal/kg
Configurations
Boilers can be classified into the following configurations:
Pot boiler or Haycock boiler/Haystack boiler: a primitive "kettle" where a open fire heats a partially filled drinking water pot from below. 18th century Haycock boilers produced and stored large quantities of very low-pressure vapor generally, barely above that of the atmosphere often. These could burn off wood or most often, coal. Efficiency was suprisingly low.
Flued boiler with a couple of large flues-an early forerunner or type of fire-tube boiler.
Diagram of a fire-tube boiler
Fire-tube boiler: Here, drinking water partially fills a boiler barrel with a little volume left above to support the steam (vapor space). This is the type of boiler used in almost all steam locomotives. The heat source is inside a furnace or firebox that has to be kept completely surrounded by the water in order to keep up the temperature of the heating surface below the boiling point. The furnace can be situated at one end of the fire-tube which lengthens the road of the hot gases, thus augmenting the heating surface which can be further increased by making the gases invert direction through a second parallel tube or a lot of money of multiple pipes (two-pass or come back flue boiler); on the other hand the gases may be studied along the sides and then beneath the boiler through flues (3-move boiler). In case of a locomotive-type boiler, a boiler barrel expands from the firebox and the hot gases go through a lot of money of fire pipes inside the barrel which greatly escalates the heating surface compared to a single pipe and further boosts heat transfer. Fire-tube boilers will often have a comparatively low rate of vapor production, but high vapor storage capacity. Fire-tube boilers burn solid fuels mainly, but are easily versatile to people of the liquid or gas variety.
Diagram of a water-tube boiler.
Water-tube boiler: In this kind, tubes filled up with drinking water are arranged inside a furnace in a number of possible configurations. The water pipes connect large drums Often, the lower ones including water and the upper ones vapor and water; in other instances, like a mono-tube boiler, drinking water is circulated with a pump through a succession of coils. This type provides high steam creation rates generally, but less storage space capacity than the above mentioned. Water tube boilers can be designed to exploit any heat source and tend to be preferred in high-pressure applications because the high-pressure drinking water/vapor is contained within small size pipes which can withstand the pressure with a thinner wall structure.
Flash boiler: A flash boiler is a specialized type of water-tube boiler where tubes are close jointly and drinking water is pumped through them. A flash boiler differs from the kind of mono-tube vapor generator in which the tube is permanently filled with water. Super fast boiler, the tube is held so hot that water give food to is quickly flashed into vapor and superheated. Flash boilers experienced some use in cars in the 19th century and this use continued into the early 20th century. .
1950s design steam locomotive boiler, from a Victorian Railways J class
Fire-tube boiler with Water-tube firebox. Sometimes the two above types have been mixed in the next manner: the firebox includes an assembly of water tubes, called thermic siphons. The gases then go through a typical firetube boiler. Water-tube fireboxes were installed in many Hungarian locomotives,[citation needed] but have met with little success in other countries.
Sectional boiler. Inside a ensemble iron sectional boiler, sometimes called a "pork chop boiler" water is contained inside ensemble iron sections.[citation needed] These areas are assembled on site to generate the finished boiler.
Safety
See also: Boiler explosion
To define and secure boilers safely, some professional specialized organizations such as the American Culture of Mechanical Designers (ASME) develop specifications and regulation codes. For example, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is a standard providing an array of rules and directives to ensure compliance of the boilers and other pressure vessels with safety, design and security standards.[5]
Historically, boilers were a way to obtain many serious injuries and property destruction due to badly understood engineering principles. Thin and brittle steel shells can rupture, while badly welded or riveted seams could open up, leading to a violent eruption of the pressurized vapor. When drinking water is converted to steam it expands to over 1,000 times its original volume and moves down steam pipes at over 100 kilometres per hour. Because of this, vapor is a superb way of moving energy and temperature around a niche site from a central boiler house to where it is needed, but without the right boiler feed water treatment, a steam-raising vegetable will suffer from range corrosion and formation. At best, this boosts energy costs and can result in poor quality vapor, reduced efficiency, shorter vegetation and unreliable procedure. At worst, it can result in catastrophic reduction and failing of life. Collapsed or dislodged boiler pipes can also spray scalding-hot steam and smoke out of the air intake and firing chute, injuring the firemen who insert the coal into the fireplace chamber. Extremely large boilers providing a huge selection of horsepower to use factories can potentially demolish entire buildings.[6]
A boiler which has a loss of feed drinking water and is permitted to boil dry out can be hugely dangerous. If give food to water is then sent in to the vacant boiler, the tiny cascade of incoming drinking water instantly boils on contact with the superheated steel shell and leads to a violent explosion that can't be managed even by security steam valves. Draining of the boiler can also happen if a leak occurs in the vapor source lines that is bigger than the make-up drinking water supply could replace. The Hartford Loop was developed in 1919 by the Hartford Steam Boiler and INSURANCE PROVIDER as a method to help prevent this condition from occurring, and thus reduce their insurance statements.[7][8]
Superheated steam boiler
A superheated boiler on the steam locomotive.
Main article: Superheater
Most boilers produce vapor to be utilized at saturation temp; that is, saturated steam. Superheated steam boilers vaporize water and then further heat the vapor in a superheater. This provides steam at much higher heat, but can reduce the overall thermal efficiency of the steam generating flower because the higher steam temperatures requires a higher flue gas exhaust temperature.[citation needed] There are several ways to circumvent this issue, typically by giving an economizer that heats the give food to drinking water, a combustion air heating unit in the hot flue gas exhaust route, or both. A couple of advantages to superheated steam that may, and often will, increase overall efficiency of both vapor generation and its own utilization: benefits in input temperatures to a turbine should outweigh any cost in additional boiler problem and expense. There can also be useful limitations in using moist vapor, as entrained condensation droplets will damage turbine blades.
Superheated steam presents unique safety concerns because, if any operational system component fails and allows steam to flee, the temperature and pressure can cause serious, instantaneous harm to anyone in its path. Since the escaping steam will initially be completely superheated vapor, detection can be difficult, although the intense heat and sound from such a leak clearly indicates its presence.
Superheater operation is similar to that of the coils on an fresh air conditioning unit, although for a different purpose. The steam piping is directed through the flue gas path in the boiler furnace. The heat range in this field is between 1 typically,300 and 1,600 °C (2,372 and 2,912 °F). Some superheaters are radiant type; that is, they absorb heat by radiation. Others are convection type, absorbing high temperature from a liquid. Some are a combination of both types. Through either method, the extreme temperature in the flue gas route will also heat the superheater vapor piping and the steam within. While the temperatures of the vapor in the superheater rises, the pressure of the vapor does not and the pressure remains exactly like that of the boiler.[9] Virtually all steam superheater system designs remove droplets entrained in the steam to prevent harm to the turbine blading and associated piping.
Supercritical steam generator
Boiler for a power seed.
Main article: Supercritical steam generator
Supercritical steam generators are frequently used for the production of electric power. They operate at supercritical pressure. In contrast to a "subcritical boiler", a supercritical steam generator operates at such a higher pressure (over 3,200 psi or 22 MPa) that the physical turbulence that characterizes boiling ceases to occur; the fluid is liquid nor gas but a super-critical fluid neither. There is absolutely no generation of steam bubbles within the water, because the pressure is above the critical pressure point of which steam bubbles can develop. As the liquid expands through the turbine levels, its thermodynamic state drops below the critical point as it does work turning the turbine which converts the power generator that power is eventually extracted. The liquid at that point may be considered a mix of vapor and liquid droplets as it passes into the condenser. This leads to less fuel use and therefore less greenhouse gas production slightly. The word "boiler" should not be used for a supercritical pressure vapor generator, as no "boiling" occurs in this product.
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Accessories
Boiler fittings and accessories
Pressuretrols to control the steam pressure in the boiler. Boilers generally have 2 or 3 3 pressuretrols: a manual-reset pressuretrol, which functions as a protection by setting the upper limit of steam pressure, the operating pressuretrol, which settings when the boiler fires to maintain pressure, as well as for boilers outfitted with a modulating burner, a modulating pressuretrol which controls the amount of fire.
Security valve: It can be used to relieve pressure and stop possible explosion of the boiler.
Water level indications: They show the operator the level of fluid in the boiler, known as a view glass also, water gauge or drinking water column.
Bottom level blowdown valves: They offer a way for removing solid particulates that condense and rest on the bottom of the boiler. As the name implies, this valve is located straight on underneath of the boiler usually, and is sometimes opened up to use the pressure in the boiler to force these particulates out.
Constant blowdown valve: This allows a small quantity of water to flee continuously. Its purpose is to prevent the water in the boiler becoming saturated with dissolved salts. Saturation would business lead to foaming and cause water droplets to be carried over with the vapor - a condition known as priming. Blowdown is often used to monitor the chemistry of the boiler drinking water also.
Trycock: a kind of valve that is often use to manually check a water level in a container. Most commonly entirely on a water boiler.
Flash tank: High-pressure blowdown enters this vessel where the steam can 'flash' safely and be found in a low-pressure system or be vented to atmosphere while the ambient pressure blowdown moves to drain.
Automatic blowdown/continuous heat recovery system: This technique allows the boiler to blowdown only when make-up water is moving to the boiler, thereby transferring the maximum amount of heat possible from the blowdown to the makeup water. No flash tank is generally needed as the blowdown discharged is near to the temperature of the makeup water.
Hand openings: They are metal plates installed in openings in "header" to permit for inspections & installing pipes and inspection of inner surfaces.
Steam drum internals, some display, scrubber & cans (cyclone separators).
Low-water cutoff: It really is a mechanical means (usually a float change) that can be used to turn off the burner or shut off gas to the boiler to prevent it from working once the water moves below a certain point. If a boiler is "dry-fired" (burnt without drinking water in it) it can cause rupture or catastrophic failing.
Surface blowdown range: It offers a means for removing foam or other light-weight non-condensible substances that tend to float together with the water inside the boiler.
Circulating pump: It really is made to circulate water back to the boiler after it has expelled a few of its heat.
Feedwater check valve or clack valve: A non-return stop valve in the feedwater line. This may be fitted to the medial side of the boiler, below the water level just, or to the very best of the boiler.[10]
Top give food to: With this design for feedwater injection, water is fed to the top of the boiler. This may reduce boiler exhaustion triggered by thermal stress. By spraying the feedwater over a series of trays water is quickly warmed and this can reduce limescale.
Desuperheater pipes or bundles: Some pipes or bundles of tubes in water drum or the vapor drum made to cool superheated vapor, in order to provide auxiliary equipment that will not need, or may be damaged by, dry out steam.
Chemical substance injection line: A link with add chemicals for controlling feedwater pH.
Steam accessories
Main vapor stop valve:
Steam traps:
Main vapor stop/check valve: It is used on multiple boiler installations.
Combustion accessories
Gas oil system:energy oil heaters
Gas system:
Coal system:
Soot blower
Other essential items
Pressure gauges:
Feed pumps:
Fusible plug:
Inspectors test pressure measure attachment:
Name dish:
Registration dish:
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